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Site Description |
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Manusela National Park extends across the central section of Seram from the north to the south coast (over 55km). It includes sections of two major east-west mountain ridges, deep-grilled river valleys, and the headwaters of major rivers. North of the mountain chain are smaller hills and quaternary alluvial plains with low ridges of coral limestone and coral sands. The northern plains are drained by a number of shallow and often very wide rivers. The southern region is drained by one major river (Wae Kawa) and numerous fast -flowing streams in narrow valleys. In the flat lowlands severe flooding occurs annually. Beach and mangrove communities occur along the north coast, estuarine habitats at the river mouths and at the north-west extremity of the reserve are steep limestone cliffs of approximately 100 m height. The coastal area of the Wae Nua Reserve (south coast) is reported to be severely affected by settlement cultivation (Wind and Amir 1978) - cf. the pebble beach on the south coast has no natural vegetation left. There is sharp relief coastal configuration, with mangrove stands going over to relatively inaccessible mountain forest. In some places small pockets of lowland swamp forest occur between these two habitats. Large stretches of forests are swampy due to stagnating surface water, especially in the wet season from December to April. Wae Nua reserve alone covers the maximum altitudinal range possible on the island, and the whole park area encompasses the complete spectrum of Seram's forests ecosystems. The fauna is a transitional mixture of Australian and Asian elements, including 14 endemic gird species.
Principal vegetation:
- Mangrove communities: best developed on Tanjung Mual, with species of Sonneratia, Rhizophora, Bruguiera, Avicennia and Nypa.
- Beach formations: with species of Ipomoea, Spinifex, Terminalia, Pandanus and Casuarina equisetifolia.
- Lowland swamp forest: in small pockets of limited development behind the mangrove belt on the north coast. Thera are also swampy forest in the area north of Raho. Species include Nauclea, Barringtonia racemosa, Ficus nodosa and Melaleuca leucodendron.
- Riverbank vegetation: Octomeles sumatrana, Eucalyptus deglupta, Pometia pinnata, Casuarina equisetifolia, Ficus spp., Litsea spp. and Eugenia spp.
- Riverine forest, characterised by Eucalyptus, Casuarina and Pandanus.
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Site Location |
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TN Manusela is located across the central section of the island Seram.
Seram can be reached from Ambon by boat from Tulehu harbour to Amahai/Masohi. From Masohi there are several possibilities to access the park :
- Northern approach : take a bus from Masohi to Saka and from there continue by boat to Alakamat or Wahai.
- Southern approach : take a bus from Amahai to Tehoru and from there continue by boat to Mosso. |
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Special Memmo |
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117 Species of (water-)birds known.
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List of Birds (185 species) |
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| Species |
Red Data Book |
Cites |
| Accipiter erythrauchen |
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App II |
| Accipiter meyerianus |
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App II |
| Aceros plicatus |
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| Actitis hypoleucos |
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| Aerodramus infuscatus |
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| Aerodramus vanikorensis |
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| Alcedo atthis |
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| Alisterus amboinensis |
Lower Risk |
App II |
| Amaurornis phoenicurus |
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| Aplonis metallica |
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| Aplonis mysolensis |
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| Aquila gurneyi |
Lower Risk |
App II |
| Ardea sumatrana |
Lower Risk |
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| Arenaria interpres |
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| Artamus leucorhynchus |
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| Artamus leucorynchus |
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| Aviceda subcristata |
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App II |
| Basilornis corythaix |
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| Bradypterus castaneus |
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| Burhinus neglectus |
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| Butorides striatus |
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| Cacatua moluccensis |
Vulnerable |
App I |
| Cacomantis sepulcralis |
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| Cacomantis variolosus |
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| Calidris alba |
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| Calidris ferruginea |
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| Calidris ruficollis |
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| Calidris subminuta |
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| Calidris tenuirostris |
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| Caloenas nicobarica |
Lower Risk |
App I |
| Calonectris leucomelas |
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| Caprimulgus macrurus |
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| Casmerodius albus |
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| Casuarius casuarius |
Vulnerable |
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| Centropus bengalensis |
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| Ceyx lepidus |
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| Chalcophaps indica |
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| Charadrius leschenaultii |
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| Charadrius mongolus |
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| Charmosyna placentis |
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App II |
| Chlidonias hybridus |
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| Chlidonias leucopterus |
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| Cisticola exilis |
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| Collocalia esculenta |
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| Collocalia vanikorensis |
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| Columba livia |
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| Columba vitiensis |
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| Coracina atriceps |
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| Coracina ceramensis |
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| Coracina novaehollandiae |
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| Coracina tenuirostris |
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| Corvus enca |
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| Coturnix chinensis |
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| Cuculus saturatus |
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| Dendrocygna guttata |
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| Dicaeum vulneratum |
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| Dicrurus bracteatus |
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| Ducula bicolor |
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| Ducula concinna |
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| Ducula perspicillata |
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| Dupetor flavicollis |
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| Eclectus roratus |
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App II |
| Egretta alba |
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| Egretta garzetta |
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| Egretta intermedia |
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| Egretta sacra |
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| Eos bornea |
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App II |
| Eos semilarvata |
Lower Risk |
App II |
| Erythrura trichroa |
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| Eudynamis scolopacea |
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| Eudynamys cyanocephala |
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| Eumyias panayensis |
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| Eurystomus orientalis |
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| Falco moluccensis |
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App II |
| Falco severus |
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App II |
| Ficedula buruensis |
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| Ficedula hyperythra |
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| Ficedula westermanni |
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| Fregata ariel |
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| Fregata minor |
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| Gallinula tenebrosa |
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| Gallirallus philippensis |
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| Gelochelidon nilotica |
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| Geoffroyus geoffroyi |
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App II |
| Gymnophaps mada |
Lower Risk |
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| Halcyon chloris |
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| Halcyon lazuli |
Vulnerable |
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| Halcyon sancta |
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| Halcyon saurophaga |
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| Haliaeetus leucogaster |
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App II |
| Haliastur indus |
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App II |
| Hemiprocne mystacea |
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| Heteroscelus brevipes |
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| Hirundo rustica |
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| Hirundo tahitica |
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| Ictinaetus malayensis |
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App II |
| Irediparra gallinacea |
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| Ixobrychus flavicollis |
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| Ixos affinis |
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| Lichmera argentauris |
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| Lichmera monticola |
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| Limosa lapponica |
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| Locustella fasciolata |
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| Lonchura molucca |
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| Lophozosterops pinaiae |
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| Lorius domicella |
Vulnerable |
App II |
| Macrocephalon maleo |
Vulnerable |
App I |
| Macropygia amboinensis |
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| Megapodius reinwardt |
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| Megapodius wallacei |
Vulnerable |
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| Merops ornatus |
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| Mesophoyx intermedia |
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| Micropsitta bruijnii |
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App II |
| Monarcha cinerascens |
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| Monarcha trivirgatus |
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| Motacilla flava |
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| Myiagra galeata |
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| Myzomela blasii |
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| Nectarinia aspasia |
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| Nectarinia jugularis |
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| Ninox squamipila |
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App I |
| Numenius madagascariensis |
Lower Risk |
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| Numenius minutus |
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| Numenius phaeopus |
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| Nycticorax caledonicus |
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| Oceanites oceanicus |
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| Oceanodroma matsudairae |
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| Oriolus forsteni |
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| Orthotomus cuculatus |
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| Otus magicus |
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App II |
| Pachycephala griseonota |
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| Pachycephala pectoralis |
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| Pandion haliaetus |
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App II |
| Pelecanus conspicillatus |
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| Phalacrocorax melanoleucos |
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| Phalacrocorax sulcirostris |
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| Phalaropus lobatus |
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| Philemon subcorniculatus |
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| Phylloscopus borealis |
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| Phylloscopus poliocephalus |
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| Pitta elegans |
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| Pitta erythrogaster |
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| Pluvialis fulva |
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| Pluvialis squatarola |
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| Porphyrio porphyrio |
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| Porzana cinerea |
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| Ptilinopus melanospila |
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| Ptilinopus rivoli |
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| Ptilinopus superbus |
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| Ptilinopus viridis |
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| Reinwardtoena reinwardtii |
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| Rhipidura dedemi |
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| Rhipidura leucophrys |
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| Rhipidura rufifrons |
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| Rhipidura rufiventris |
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| Rhyticeros plicatus |
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| Scythrops novaehollandiae |
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| Sterna albifrons |
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| Sterna anaethetus |
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| Sterna bergii |
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| Sterna fuscata |
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| Sterna hirundo |
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| Sterna sumatrana |
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| Streptopelia chinensis |
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| Sula leucogaster |
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| Sula sula |
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| Tachybaptus ruficollis |
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| Tadorna radjah |
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| Tanygnathus megalorynchos |
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App II |
| Tanysiptera galatea |
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| Tephrozosterops stalkeri |
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| Threskiornis moluccus |
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| Trichoglossus haematodus |
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App II |
| Tringa brevipes |
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| Tringa glareola |
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| Tringa hypoleucos |
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| Tringa nebularia |
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| Tringa stagnatilis |
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| Tringa totanus |
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| Turdus poliocephalus |
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| Xenus cinereus |
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| Zoothera dumasi |
Deficient Data |
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| Zosterops atrifrons |
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| Zosterops kuehni |
Lower Risk |
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| Zosterops montanus |
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List of Mammals (25 species) |
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| Species |
Red Data Book |
Cites |
| Cervus timorensis |
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| Chaerephon jobensis |
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| Dobsonia moluccense |
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| Dobsonia viridis |
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| Dugong dugon |
Vulnerable |
App I |
| Felis silvestris |
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| Macroglossus minimus |
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| Melomys aerosus |
Lower Risk |
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| Melomys fraterculus |
Lower Risk |
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| Miniopterus australis |
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| Mormopterus beccarii |
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| Nyctimene cephalotes |
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| Paradoxurus hermaphroditus |
Vulnerable |
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| Phalanger orientalis |
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App II |
| Pteropus temmincki |
Lower Risk |
App II |
| Rattus ceramicus |
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| Rattus felicius |
Vulnerable |
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| Rhinolophus euryotis |
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| Rhynchomeles prattorum |
Deficient Data |
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| Rousettus amplexicaudatus |
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| Spilocuscus maculatus |
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App II |
| Sus celebensis |
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| Sus scrofa |
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| Syconycteris australis |
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| Viverra tangalunga |
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List of Fish (0 species) |
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| Species |
Red Data Book |
Cites |
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List of Crustaceans (0 species) |
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| Species |
Red Data Book |
Cites |
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List of Mollusks (0 species) |
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| Species |
Red Data Book |
Cites |
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List of Amphibians (3 species) |
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| Species |
Red Data Book |
Cites |
| Hyla amboinensis |
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| Hyla yagabunda |
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| Rana modesta |
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List of Reptiles (37 species) |
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| Species |
Red Data Book |
Cites |
| Acanthophis antarcticus |
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| Boiga irregularis |
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| Bronchocela cristatella |
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| Calamaria ceramensis |
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| Candoia carinata |
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App II |
| Caretta caretta |
Endengered |
App I |
| Carlia fusca |
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| Cerberus rhynchops |
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| Chelonia mydas |
Endengered |
App I |
| Crocodylus porosus |
Vulnerable |
App II |
| Cuora amboinensis |
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| Cyrtodactylus marmoratus |
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| Dermochelys coriacea |
Critically Endengered |
App I |
| Dibamus seramensis |
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| Draco lineatus |
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| Emoia caeruleocauda |
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| Emoia kuekenthali |
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| Eretmochelys imbricata |
Critically Endengered |
App I |
| Eugongylus rufescens |
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| Gehyra mutilata |
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| Gekko sp. |
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| Gekko vittatus |
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| Hemidactylus frenatus |
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| Hydrosaurus amboinensis |
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| Lamprolepis smaragdina |
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| Laticauda colubrina |
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| Lygisaurus novaeguineae |
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| Mabuia multifasciata |
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| Mabuia rudis |
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| Nactus pelagicus |
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| Python reticulatus |
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App II |
| Rhamphotyphlops braminus |
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| Sphenomorphus undulatus |
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| Stegonotus modestus |
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| Tiliqua gigas |
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| Typhlops kraalii |
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| Varanus indicus |
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App II |
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List of Vegetations (25 species) |
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| Species |
Red Data Book |
Cites |
| Alstonia scholaris |
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| Avicennia officinalis |
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| Avicennia sp. |
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| Barringtonia racemosa |
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| Bruguiera sexangula |
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| Bruguiera sp. |
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| Casuarina equisetifolia |
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| Eucalyptus deglupta |
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| Eugenia sp. |
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| Ficus sp. |
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| Ipomoea pescaprae |
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| Ipomoea sp. |
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| Litsea sp. |
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| Melaleuca leucadendron |
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| Nypa fruticans |
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| Nypa sp. |
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| Octomeles sumatrana |
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| Pandanus sp. |
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| Pometia pinnata |
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| Rhizophora apiculata |
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| Rhizophora sp. |
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| Sonneratia alba |
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| Sonneratia sp. |
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| Terminalia catappa |
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| Terminalia sp. |
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